Impressionism History

The Kiss of Death Free Essays

It started with the yard steps. Or then again perhaps it started with the sluggishness of the man living in the house to which these means drove. Whichever way both are significant for this story. We will compose a custom exposition test on The Kiss of Death or then again any comparable theme just for you Request Now The Higgs couple lived in a little house in a peaceful neighborhood by the street. It might have appeared from the start sight that Mr. Furthermore, Mrs. Higgs managed everything well as a couple. Anyway the reality of the situation was totally different. Mr. Higgs was a desirous man. Mrs. Higgs was a medical clinic nurture and regularly needed to work over night. This implied both of them never got the chance to see quite a bit of one another. Mrs. Higgs got back home in the first part of the day at about when Mr. Higgs left for work. It was the equivalent in the nights, Mrs Higgs going out for work just to meet her better half coming in. Not knowing without a doubt where his significant other was over night Mr. Higgs regularly got exceptionally dubious of his significant other engaging in extramarital relations. It was a Tuesday morning Mr. Higgs, alone in the house, glancing out the window at the snowed-in drive, figuring what his significant other may be doing well at this point. Neurotic contemplations were indeed pursuing through his head. In any case, an arrangement was at that point coming to fruition in his psyche. He would get back home from work sooner than regular today and see whether his better half had somebody in the house. In the event that yes he unquestionably wouldn’t delay to rebuff her. Contemplating on an appropriate discipline he went to different things that should have been done that morning. Aside from the standard thing, he needed to clear the patio, the means paving the way to the yard and the walkway of day off. This was an errand Mr. Higgs disdained. He detested walking all over in the day off, his scoop while increasingly more new snow fell. Mr. Higgs abhorred winter and anything that went with it. He chose not to scoop the snow that morning. Mr. Higgs left the house at about quarter to eight. He bolted the entryway and deliberately strolled over the patio and down the three stages. They seemed to be somewhat tricky and Mr. Higgs by and by thought about freeing them from that pitiful day off. No, it could stand by other than he would be behind schedule for work. He strolled over to the entryway, got in his vehicle and drove off to work. Mrs. Higgs got back home at half past eight. She scrubbed down, made herself some morning meal and afterward plunked down into an easy chair with a book. She wasn’t anticipating anybody. She thought about Mr. Higgs’s doubts however they were all bogus. She wouldn’t be amazed in the event that he came walking in at that exact instant requesting where she concealed her mystery sweetheart and afterward went out of control around the house looking through storage rooms, and closets. She grinned to herself at the idea of that occurrence. Her grin didn’t keep going long. At that point a boisterous pound originated from outside. Henry the mailman opened the Higgs’s entryway. The Higgs couple didn’t have a letter drop holding tight the door. Rather they decided to put legitimately on the primary entryway. Likely so they wouldn’t need to walk that far while recovering their mail. Apathetic. He experienced the entryway and walked over the nursery toward the Higgss’ entryway. â€Å"Couldn’t even deal with the day off, these days†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This was likely one of Henry’s last musings in light of the fact that as he was going to make the third stride up the little steps prompting the patio his foot slipped and Henry the mailman tumbled to the ground, hitting his head on the yard ventures with an uproarious pound. Mrs. Higgs stayed there, sitting tight for her better half to come blasting through the entryway. At the point when the entryway stayed shut she strolled forward and opened it up just to discover not her significant other but rather the nearby mailman spread on the patio steps. Fortunately for Henry Mrs. Higgs was a medical attendant and knew precisely what to do in such a circumstance. She hunched down close to him and connected searching for a heartbeat. There it was, slow however consistent. Henry the mailman was as yet alive. His breathing appeared to be frail and unpredictable. She would need to revive It was about right now that Mr. Higgs’s vehicle stopped before the house. Sadly Mrs. Higgs didn’t notice rather she hung over Henry’s body, her lips contacted his and as she breathed out air was driven into his lungs. At this point Mr. Higgs had escaped his vehicle and all his consideration was on his significant other kissing the nearby mailman that was laying there on the patio. Mr. Higgs opened the entryway, ventured through and shut it commandingly behind him. The conflict of the door made Mrs. Higgs gaze upward. She quickly acknowledged what she is doing must resemble. She stood up and made a couple of strides down the steps and into the nursery toward her better half. Behind her Henry was waking, lifting his head, stupefied. â€Å"I realize what this must resemble Paul, however it’s not at all like that† Mrs. Higgs stammered. â€Å"He slipped and fell. I was giving him the kiss of life.† Mr. Higgs remained there gazing at her â€Å"It may have been the kiss of life for him however it’s the kiss of death for you.† It was the manner in which he said it, a moderate intentional snarl that made Mrs. Higgs respond the manner in which she did. Moving back in the direction of the house she ran. Mr. Higgs didn’t express anything to caution or stop her. He knew she wouldn’t get far. Mrs. Higgs running back to the house overlooked how tricky the yard steps were. She was nearly on the third step when her foot shot from under her. Mr. Higgs looked as though in moderate movement as Mrs Higgs turned noticeable all around and fell, hitting her head on the base step. There was a sickening crunch and afterward quietness. It finished as it started, with the yard steps. The most effective method to refer to The Kiss of Death, Papers

Why You Should Stay Away From Thirdhand Smoke

Why You Should Stay Away From Thirdhand Smoke Addiction Nicotine Use The Inside of Cigarettes Print Why You Should Stay Away From Thirdhand Smoke By Terry Martin facebook twitter Terry Martin quit smoking after 26 years and is now an advocate for those seeking freedom from nicotine addiction. Learn about our editorial policy Terry Martin Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Sanja Jelic, MD on October 15, 2015 Sanja Jelic, MD, is board-certified in sleep medicine, critical care medicine, pulmonary disease, and internal medicine.   Learn about our Medical Review Board Sanja Jelic, MD Updated on February 22, 2020 Megumi Kurosaki / Getty Images More in Addiction Nicotine Use The Inside of Cigarettes After You Quit How to Quit Smoking Nicotine Withdrawal Smoking-Related Diseases Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Coping and Recovery Thirdhand smoke (THS) is a term originally coined by doctors at Massachusetts General Hospital for Children. Meant to describe dangers specifically associated with residual toxins left behind on surfaces once firsthand and secondhand smoke have cleared out of a room, we now understand more about the composition of THS that lingers in the air, as well. What Is Thirdhand Smoke? Have you ever stood in a check-out line and known there was a smoker nearby, even though no one was smoking anywhere close? Or maybe you walked into a room thick with the unmistakable smell of stale cigarette smoke, even though there was no visible smoke in the room? Or, if someone smokes in your house or car, how about that yellow gunk you clean off the windows? These are all examples of what is known as THS, a noxious mix of gases and small particles that remain in the air for hours after a cigarette is smoked, and are deposited on every surface they come into contact with. From air to hair, clothing, bedding, furniture, carpets, table surfaces and toys, nothing is exempt from contamination if its in a room or other closed environment (like a vehicle) where cigarettes were smoked. The Differences Between First, Second, and Thirdhand Smoke So, what is the difference between firsthand smoke, secondhand smoke,  and thirdhand smoke? Firsthand smoke is cigarette smoke that a smoker draws into his or her lungs when inhaling from a lit cigarette. Secondhand smoke is a combination of exhaled firsthand smoke and the smoke wafting into the air from the end of a burning cigarette. Thirdhand smoke can be broken down into three distinct parts: Gases and small particles that are suspended for hours in the air of rooms or other closed spaces (aged secondhand smoke).Tiny solid particles that settle and stick to surfaces of an enclosed area.Toxins on surfaces and in the air that combine with other common indoor pollutants, creating new chemical compounds or more dangerous forms of chemicals in the process. Thirdhand Smoke in the Air Scientists have discovered that aging secondhand smoke hanging in the air of an enclosed space changes over time in unexpected ways.?? While most of the solid particles in THS fall to surfaces within 20 minutes, some solid matter does remain in the air and can be inhaled into the lungs. Additionally, the levels of some chemicals in secondhand smoke actually increase for a time as the smoke transitions to THS, making breathable air in a room more dangerous. Three toxic chemicals of this type that have been identified are acrolein, methacrolein,  and acrylonitrile. The first two are respiratory and eye irritants, and the third, a highly flammable carcinogenic compound. Thirdhand Smoke on Surfaces Nicotine and other toxins from cigarette smoke coat everything it comes in contact with. And worse, some of those chemicals are transformed when they come into contact with other common indoor pollutants. For instance, when nicotine reacts with nitrous acid on indoor surfaces, it creates  TSNAs, a group of highly carcinogenic  chemicals. Chemicals from THS also stay in the environment for a long time. Research has shown that rooms that were smoked in retain THS in dust and on surfaces long after smoking has ceased.?? It even persists after cleaning and repainting.   Thirdhand Smoke in Chemical Fumes Researchers have learned that some of THS toxins parked on surfaces can off-gas, meaning that chemical fumes are released back into the air from the solid particles in that residue.?? Other Dangers Scientists have learned that when ozone mixes with residual nicotine in the air and on surfaces, it transforms into ultra-fine particles that can be inhaled deep into the lungs.?? These particles may be difficult for the body to expel and could cause additional breathing problems for asthma sufferers. Thirdhand Smoke Risks for Children The chemical fallout that settles on surfaces from the gases and small particles in cigarette smoke isnt good for anyone to be exposed to, but its especially harmful to small children. They are much more likely to ingest these invisible toxins when touching furniture, floors,  and toys  because they put their fingers (and toys, etc) in their mouths often. It should also be noted that THS in the air is a greater risk for babies and young children,  too,  because their respiratory rate is faster.?? This causes them to inhale more toxins in the same amount of time as someone who is older with a slower rate of breathing. Bottom Line Weve known for a long time that cigarette smoke is dangerous air to breathe. Now we also know that secondhand smoke lingers, settles and even transforms into other dangerous chemicals known as thirdhand smoke. It is important for your health and those you care about to avoid indoor areas where smoking is allowed. If you have smokers in your family, set a strict boundary about smoking outside. Researchers have identified more than 7,000 different chemical compounds that are present in cigarette smoke, including at least 250 poisonous gases, at least 69 carcinogens,  and several heavy, toxic metals.?? Do your part to ensure that children dont suffer the health hazards posed by cigarette smoking. Ban smoking in your home and car, and if you smoke, quit now

Karl Marx and Capitalism Essay - 880 Words

Karl Marx, in the Capital, developed his critique of capitalism by analyzing its characteristics and its development throughout history. The critique contains Marx’s most developed economic analysis and philosophical insight. Although it was written in 1850s, its values still serve an important purpose in the globalized world and maintains extremely relevant in the twenty-first century. Karl Marx’s critique of political economy provides a scientific understanding of the history of capitalism. Through Marx’s critique, the history of society is revealed. Capitalism is not just an economic system in Marx’s analysis. It’s a â€Å"specific social form of labor† that is strongly related to society. Marx’s critique of capitalism provides us a deep†¦show more content†¦Capitalism’s profits are produced by the surplus value comes from the unpaid, exploited workers. The workers’ wages, under the system of capitalism, are not equal to the value of their labors. Their wages are kept down to the subsistent level in order to maintain profits for the capitalists. Just like the slaves in slavery and the serfs in feudalism, the wage-laborers are exploited tremendously. Capitalism, under the disguise of fair exchanges, carries its exploitation nature from previous economic systems. Many proponents of capitalism argue that the wealth is shared with the workers. But is it true? According to an annual report in 2008, an average American CEO makes as much money in one day compared to what an average worker earns in one year1. And the disparity between business leaders and average workers continues to grow over time. From 1990 to 2005, the CEO’s salaries increased almost 300%, while a worker received a scant 4.3%2. The social consequence of this disparity is the concentration of wealth on a small percentage of population. In Capital, Karl Marx reveals the ugly truth that capitalism lays on the foundation of class exploitation. Without such exploitation, there is no profit to be made and capitalism will cease to exist. Capitalism, which relies on the reproduction of capital, creates and concentrates wealth to a small portion of society’s population while reproducing poverty and widening the size of inequality. ClassShow MoreRelatedKarl Marx And Capitalism Essay775 Words   |  4 PagesCapitalism is an economic system in which investment, production, distribution and exchange of wealth is maintained by private individuals. German Philosopher, Karl Marx is capitalism’s most famous critic. Karl Marx was a journalist who wrote many books and articles about capitalism. Marx viewed capitalism as eventually leading into a socialist society. Socialism is an economic system with investment, production, distribution and exchange of wealth. Marx believed that under a capitalist economy,Read MoreKa rl Marx And Capitalism Essay1280 Words   |  6 PagesKarl Marx, oh where do I begin, The father of communism wrote many books and presented ideas that were never really brought up in an economical system before. Karl Marx was strictly opposed to Capitalism because he believed that it was an extremely unfair and one-sided kind of government. He noted that the rich which he called the bourgeoisie kept getting richer by taking advantage of the classes that weren’t as fortunate as them. Karl used this difference in class to focus on his own ideal economyRead MoreKarl Marx And The Origins Of Capitalism1536 Words   |  7 PagesKarl Marx associates the origins of capitalism mainly to the rising bourgeoisie class stealing massive amounts of land from literally everyone. He uses England as a prime example of this. As he so succinctly puts it: â€Å"The spoliation of the church s property, the fraudulent alienation of the State domains, the robbery of the common lands, the usurpat ion of feudal and clan property, and its transformation into modern private property under circumstances of reckless terrorism, were just so many idyllicRead MoreKarl Marx And Capitalism Essay1373 Words   |  6 Pageshistorian and revolutionary, Karl Marx, is without a doubt the most influential socialist thinker to emerge in the 19th century. Although he was largely ignored by scholars in his own lifetime, his social, economic and political ideas gained rapid acceptance in the socialist movement after his death in 1883. Until quite recently almost half the population of the world lived under regimes that claim to be Marxist. This very success, however, has meant that the original ideas of Marx have often been modifiedRead MoreThe Rise Of Capitalism : Karl Marx2134 Words   |  9 PagesKarl Marx is the first in a series of 19th and 20th century theorists who started the call for an empirical approach to social science. Theorizing about the rise of modernity accompanied by the dec line in traditional societies and advocating for a change in the means of production in order to enable social justice. Marx’s theories on modernity reveals his beliefs of modern society as being influenced by the advancement of productive forces of modern industry and the relationships of production betweenRead MoreKarl Marx View On Capitalism1084 Words   |  5 PagesKarl Marx was a philosopher who was engaged in economic politics, sociology, and radical politics. Marx saw the world as two different entities. He saw it as a scuffle between the bourgeoisie and the proletariats. This is what divided the capitalist society. Marx believed everyone works in some shape, form, and fashion. The bourgeoisie were the individuals that held the capital and the proletariats were the wage-laborers. The social aspect would then come in to play. Marx would then try toRead MoreDefinition Of Capitalism By Karl Marx1155 Words   |  5 Pages Question 6 of 10 What is alienation according to Marx? Karl Marx believed that when you have no connection to the work that you do it alienates you. Alienation is when people become foreigners to the world in which they live. He believed that we should not hate the work that we do, in fact people should take immense pride in what they do. The key to life should be enjoyment and you should have meaning in your life which does not depend on what you posses in material goods. Alienation meant a lossRead MoreKarl Marx And The Rise Of Capitalism1911 Words   |  8 PagesKarl Marx was the first in a series of 19th and 20th century theorists who started the call for an empirical approach to social science. Theorizing about the rise of modernity accompanied by the decline in traditional societies and advocating for a change in the means of production in order to enable social justice. Marx’s theories on modernity reveals his beliefs of modern society as being influenced by the advancement of productive forces of modern industry and the relationships of production betweenRead MoreKarl Marx s Theory Of Capitalism976 Words   |  4 PagesThis is the reality of a capitalist society that was first discussed by Karl Marx in the 19th century. When Karl Marx first penned his shaping works on communism, he assumed that the relationship between workers and capital would always be opposing. While most rejected his overall theories, they did not argue with the basic idea that the interests of workers would always be at odds with those of owners. This is one of Marx s only theories that has proven to be true. As a consequence, over the yearsRead MoreKarl Marx And The Emergence Of Modern Capitalism1902 Words   |  8 PagesCapitalism, in the past few centuries, has rose to become the dominant form of economy around the world. After the displacement of feudalism, modern capitalism arose and continues to engulf more and more of the economic sector today. How did this emergence and rise of modern capitalism occur? Two of the most influential sociologist, Karl Marx and Max Weber have both developed theories on the emergence and rise of capitalism. Additionally, they both included many criticisms of capitalism in their

Drug Use And Health During The Civil War - 1585 Words

The history of opioids in America provides a reoccurring theme riddled with misuse, abuse, and addiction. One could even go as far as to call it a timeless theme, as the same problems that affected the past still stand steadfast today. It all started in 1806 with the isolation of Morphine by chemist Friedrich Sertà ¼rner (Acock, 1993). Soon after its creation, this analgesic opiate became the primary treatment in the United States for various medical ailments including pain, anxiety, and respiratory problems (Acock, 1993). Acock (1993) reveals that opioids were widely used during the Civil War, with numbers reaching up to ten million opioid pills for the Union Army alone. Morphine was essentially the cure-all on the battlefield. The result†¦show more content†¦According to the Department of Health and Human services, over 650,000 opioid prescriptions are dispensed in one day. This translates to around 230 million prescriptions each year. This amount just barely falls shor t of being high enough to give every adult in the United States their own bottle of opioid pills. The loose prescribing habits of medical professionals are to blame for these absurdly high numbers. Current doctors will prescribe an opiate-based painkiller for anything from a backache, toothache, to even headaches. To give patients â€Å"highly addictive† drugs for low scale chronic pain over the three-days recommended max incurs high risk for tolerance, dependence, and potential addiction to opioids. Some would argue that doctors are simply doing their job by solving their patient’s pain problem and that people should not intrude upon a medical professional’s expertise. However, while doctors should be unbiased pillars of medical advice and treatment, they should also take into account the risks involved with their treatment for their patient’s sake. Particularly for opioid prescriptions, doctors should have to abide by dosing criteria, receive guidance o n when to seek consultation, and know how to use their state’s prescription drug monitoring program (Alexander et al., 2015). According to Alexander et al., (2015) Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs (PDMPs) are underutilized by 81% of all prescribers.Show MoreRelatedDrug Abuse Has Become A Real Problem1235 Words   |  5 Pagesworld today, drug abuse has become a real problem. In the 1800s there was a drug called opium that was commonly used. Opium came from the poppy seed plant and became very popular here in America, starting in the west. There used to be opium dens where cowhands would stop and stay and smoke opium. From opium, along came the drug morphine. Morphine was derived from the drug opium and was also introduced in America in the 1800s. Morphine became a very popular pain killer in America during that time, andRead MoreThe Modern War On Drugs977 Words   |  4 PagesModern War on Drugs In the past forty years, the United States has spent over $2.5 trillion dollars funding enforcement and prevention in the fight against drug use in America (Suddath). Despite the efforts made towards cracking down on drug smugglers, growers, and suppliers, statistics show that addiction rates have remained unchanged and the number of people using illegal drugs is increasing daily (Sledge). Regardless of attempts to stem the supply of drugs, the measure and quality of drugs goesRead MoreAmerica s War On Drugs1539 Words   |  7 Pages On June 17th, 1971, President Richard Nixon declared drug abuse to be â€Å"America’s Public Enemy #1† in a press conference in which he called for an â€Å"all out offensive† against this enemy, an initiative that would later be known as America’s War on Drugs. By giving this speech, thus starting â€Å"The War on Drugs,† President Nixon created what would eventually become one of the most catastrophic failures in U nited States political history. Analysis of the historical events surrounding Nixon’s declarationRead MoreHow Mass Incarceration Has Become The New Form Of Jim Crow And Slavery Essay1422 Words   |  6 PagesSince the beginning of this great nation there has always been a racial caste systems due to slavery, money, and greed. The End of slavery was after the civil war and enfourced through the 13th Amendment. The loophole that was created that was the exception that criminals can be treated as a involuntary servitude, which was noted in the U.S constitution. To speed things along you have the slavery which transferred to convicted leasing to Jim Crow Era and now Mass Incarceration which all has stripedRead MoreThe Most Obvious Function Of Drug Control1600 Words   |  7 Pagesobvious function of drug control, and the primary reason lawmakers cite is to reduce the amount of a specific drug that is used (Mc Neece, Dinitto, 2012 pg. 203). However societal regulation appea rs to be motivated by which drugs are stable sources of wealth and power and whether drugs may threaten established business and profit. As a result, federal policies are for more concerned with preventing recreational drug use than helping addicts. According to the â€Å" The War on Drugs Winners and LosersRead MoreHow Congress Has Influenced Our Current Ineffective Drug Policy1521 Words   |  7 Pagesnation s general drug history and look critically at how Congress has influenced our current ineffective drug policy. Through this analysis I hope to show that drug prohibition policies in the United States, for the most part, have failed. Additionally, I will highlight and evaluate the influences acting on individual legislators decisions to continue support for these ineffective policies as a more general demonstration of Congress role in the formation of our nation s drug policy strategy.Read MoreBudget And Policy Paper1597 Words   |  7 PagesPaper War on Drugs Bridget Brown, Shaketra Jones, Matt Anderson, Jerry Carter, and Lisa Rivers CJA/464 Matthew Kite October 20, 2014 More than 45 years ago President Richard Nixon announced and declared the nation is at war, that war was the War on Drugs. Nancy Reagan campaigned heavily in the fight against drug use as well; her fight was that of teaching young children the slogan of â€Å"Just Say No†. The goals of the criminal justice system in the war on drugs haveRead MoreThe Heroin Epidemic Of America1565 Words   |  7 Pagesthe heroin epidemic truly began in the Wild West during the 1800’s. Many scholars believe that Chinese immigrants brought the drug to America. Morphine is a derivative of heroin, and during the civil war, many soldiers, both northern and confederate, was injured and became addicted to the drug after being treated with it. It was from opium that morphine, a derivative, was developed as a pain killer in approximately 1810. It was considered a wonder drug because it eliminated severe pain associated withRead MoreRacial Profiling And The Civil War On Drugs1342 Words   |  6 Pages1700s in the United States for people of African descent. Many equate the war on drugs as the beginning of the use of the term â€Å"racial profiling.† The war on drugs gained momentum in the 1980s, with the introduction of crack cocaine into black communities. Thus the most recent incarnation of the â€Å"Racial Profiling† began in 1982 under Ronald Reagan â€Å"War on Drugs† (while drug use and crimes were on the decline) (5). The drug war was primarily fought from partisan political motives as a show of forceRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?923 Words   |  4 Pageslabor pains, nausea, and rheumatism. It wasn’t until 1970 when the Controlled Substances Act passed, classifying marijuana along with heroin and other illegal substances as a Schedule 1 Drug. Yet, people argue that marijuana prohibition is unfair and goes against their civil liberties; others think that marijuana use is dangerous and addictive and believe it shouldn’t be legalized. Numerous studies demonstrates that no one has ever died of a marijuana overdoes and experiments found that marijuana is

An Occurrence Free Essays

The short story takes place during the Civil War. Peyton Farquhar a civilian of the south Is caught vlolatlng with the bridge and Is sentenced to be hanged. Ambrose Bierce’s short story became a suspenseful phenomenon. We will write a custom essay sample on An Occurrence or any similar topic only for you Order Now He maintain suspenses throughout the short story by enhancing the mind of Peyton into a deep fantasy. Bierce’s use of flashbacks, setting, illusion, and symbolism to create suspense. In the second aragraph the story gives a flashback to outline Peyton’s lifestyle and why he is getting hanged. The flashback shows how Peyton was a slave owner and was a supporter of the confederate army. When Peyton has a confrontation with a union spy posing as a confederate soldier it created suspense because Peyton didn’t know what the reader knew. The flashback explains how Peyton got into this mess that were learned of earlier in the story. Symbolism throughout the story is used to show life and death. One example is the place Peyton is being hanged (the bridge). The bridge symbolizes the path one must take to cross over between life and death. On one side of the bridge represents Peyton’s life and the other side of the bridge where the soldiers are represented as death and war. Since Peyton took it upon himself to take action in the war he choose to crossover to the said of war otherwise referred to as death where he will be hanged. The river under Peyton also symbolizes the passage between life and death. In other religions when someone dies, they cross over a river to get to the other side. An example would be the River Styx in Greek mythology. The River Styx is know as the border between life and death that sends soul’s to the other side. Bierce creates one big Illusion to the reader as Peyton Is dying In a slow daydream. The readers perceptions of PeytonS thoughts and actions now becomes a blurred line between illusion and reality. Peyton is imagining his escape from death but the reader doesn’t know it is only an illusion lasting about 3 seconds before he died. Like many say his life flashed before his eyes. His ability to escape gunfire underwater shows that he is dreaming because that would be nearly impossible for someone who Is half conscious to dodge. This sense of Imposslblllty creates suspense as the reader wonders If Peyton will successfully escape alive because It seems so unbelievable. Altogether these literary devices helped Bierce create a suspenseful short story. Without anyone of these devices he would not have been able to make the reader suspenseful and predict the predictable outcome of Peyton surviving. An Occurrence By denise_bgc hort story takes place during the Civil War. Peyton Farquhar a civilian of the south is caught violating with the bridge and is sentenced to be hanged. Ambrose Bierce’s that sends soul’s to the other side. Bierce creates one big illusion to the reader as Peyton is dying in a slow daydream. The readers perceptions of Peyton’s thoughts would be nearly impossible for someone who is half conscious to dodge. This sense of impossibility creates suspense as the reader wonders if Peyton will successfully escape alive because it seems so unbelievable. How to cite An Occurrence, Papers

Organisation Theory Case Study Essay Example

Organisation Theory Case Study Paper Organisation Theory Case Study – Motivation at the Bradley Clothing Company The personnel manager of the Bradley Clothing Company, Alice Johnson thinks the theories of Maslow and Herzberg are very suitable for the management; therefore, she put the theory into practice. The outcome is not what she expected, so this is the main discussion point about the relationship between theory and reality. The theories of Maslow and Herzberg are surely worthy to be the reference for implementation, but there are still some theories which assist and support these two theories to make it more complete, and it is also very important to take this into consideration. In the following, I am going to discuss the combination of those theories and the practical method for execution. Content Theories of Motivation The theory was developed by Abraham Maslow (1943, 1954, 1971), and his main argument was on the resolution between drives and motives and he claimed we have nine intrinsic needs. During the nine needs, from the basic biological requirements to the highest hierarchy self actualization and it really pointed out the progress of needs from human beings. However, the process could be stopped by any levels, and besides, maybe it is too vague for the Mrs. We will write a custom essay sample on Organisation Theory Case Study specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Organisation Theory Case Study specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Organisation Theory Case Study specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Johnson to predict the behaviour from the employees of the company because there are different positions of jobs which have different working content. Although the Marlow’s theory still offers the correct concept, the situation nowadays may need some adjustment. The theory is was more of a social philosophy which reflected white American middle-class value, so it cannot cover all the conditions. Clayton Alderfer (1972) claimed the ERG theory which included existence, relatedness and growth needs. Alderfer’s theory could be linked to the Maslow’s theory which is biological and safety needs, affiliation needs, and self-actualization and self-esteem needs. It simplified the process of the Maslow’s theory and directed at organizational settings because Maslow was not intentionally concerned with work motivation. Actually, if Alice can take this as her basic idea for the different levels of needs, it will be easier to categorise. Although Alice took the idea from Maslow, it is newer to adapt he ERG theory, besides it also related to the original Marlow’s theory. This is the fundamental part of staff’s needs, and only figure out the source of the needs, it is possible to continue the following steps. Then, here is two quotes which was from Sheila Ritchie and Peter Martin (1999) that ‘the task of the manager is to find out what it is that motivates people’ and ‘make them smile more and carp less’. There are twelve motivational drivers and for the Bradley Clothing Company, clothing designers need to be self-development, social contact and relationships. It is because the clothing designers are satisfied with the status quo and they feel happy about the current achievement, and this could be a concern afterwards. If they just think they do not have to make in progress, the ability of competence must be going down and it will be very easy to lose to the other competitors, so they have to have the kind of self-awareness which is similar to self-development and remind themselves to keep improved continuously and the manager could show the work from other companies to motivate the designers to have better performance. For the other employees such as cutters, seamsters, pressers, and packagers, it should focus on recognition, variety and change and money and tangible rewards. The jobs they are responsible for is replaceable, but as a good company, it should take care of all the employees and that is why they are the partners in the company. Besides, although it is hard to let them feel their job full of variety, the company still can educate them that try to take every different piece of clothes as the new work and maybe they just do not appreciate what they do. In this way, if they could think what they do is also very important part of the process, it might be higher their self-esteem and try to feel the variety and change for themselves. The most practical way to motivate those employees is to raise their salary and offer tangible rewards, but maybe this could be difficult to do this, because Mrs. Johnson thinks that the company’s wage and salary levels were among the best in the industry. I think if it could not enhance the encouragement for the employees, the item of money and tangible awards can be taken into consideration. ‘Marlow’s is a universalist theory, which applies to everyone, and thus cannot readily explain differences between individuals and between cultures’ (Buchanan and Huczynski, 1985) This is the reason why it is necessary to consider the other three process theories of work motivation, equity theory, expectancy theory, and goal setting theory. Equity Theory The equity theory is fom Stacy Adams (1963, 1965). The definition of equity theory is that based on our perceptions of fair treatment. It is normal to find out the argument among the employees that why they do not get the same wage even they do the same thing and they compare the rewards (pay, recognition) and contributions (time, effort, ideas). For the Bradley Clothing Company, if they have the well system about the management of the salary and the workload, it will not be a big problem for them at this stage. On the other hand, it is essential to avoid the inequity to the employees, because it is hard to convince them and it is even harder to ask them work better. The formula for equity theory: my rewards (minus my costs)/ my effort and contribution = your rewards (minus your costs) / your effort and contribution. According to the equity theory, the rewards could be either tangible or intangible and the importance falls on equal treatment and avoids the unfair distribution because the inequity would definitely decrease the motivation. Expectancy Theory The American psychologist Victor Vroom (1964) developed the expectancy theory of work motivation, based on three concepts: valence, instrumentality, and expectancy. There is obvious explanation that if you work harder, you will expect you get more rewards. The same principle to the realistic situation and it is that the employees always think the more they work, and the more they get. ‘Expectancy theory helps to explain individual differences in motivation and behaviour, unlike Maslow’s universal content theory of motivation. (Buchanan and Huczynski, 1985) Therefore, we can see the different interpretation for different position because it concerns about the individual case. Lyman Porter and Edward Lawler (1968; Lawler, 1973) create a model of work motivation which is based on Vroom’s expectancy theory. At first, ‘the perceived value of rewards’ and ‘expectation that performance will lead to reward’ come to the making effort part, then there are two more element which are ‘individual abilities and traits’ and ‘role perceptions’ with ‘the effort’ to the ‘job performance’. After the job performance, you can get the rewards either from intrinsic or extrinsic side, and there is another element ‘perceived equity of rewards’ which combine with the rewards and lead to the ‘job satisfaction’. In this whole process, the each individual item should be considered into the real execution for the management because the motivation has been developed in those steps. Goal-setting Theory Edwin Locke (1968, 1975; Latham and yukl, 1975) argues that ‘goal setting is more appropriately viewed as a motivational technique rather than a formal theory’ (Lock, 1975, p. 465). There are four main points about the goal theory: challenging goals, specific goals, participation in goal settings and knowledge of results of past performance. I think Mrs. Johnson should know these four different ways of goals to control the performance of the employees because they are in the different positions, and certainly they have different goals for the jobs. The manager could help the staffs to set their goals. For example, the clothing designers are suitable for the first two goals- the challenging goals and specific goals, because they have use their creativities and try to innovate the unique collection for their design and especially the goals for the designers all depend on their own ideas and only they could put the limit to themselves so set the challenging goals and specific goals would be better for their performance. About the third goal- participation in goal setting, it is suitable to use for the other workers in the company. These employees are not responsible for the innovation, so they just have to cooperate with the new design and know how to follow the instructions. Last but not least, knowledge of results of past performance is also a kind of important information and reference for the whole staff because when they know the results of the previous project, it will help them to set the direction for the coming case. The main features could be sum up as goal difficulties, goal specificity, participation, acceptance and feedback. The whole process normally should start form the beginning, but it still could be adjusted as different positions and levels of the employees. Motivator and Hygiene Theory The idea of job enrichment was first developed by the American psychologist Frederick Herzberg (1966, 1968). Motivator factors which are for the job contents include achievement, advancement, growth, recognition, responsibility and the work itself. Hygiene factors which are in the organizational context are pay, company policy, supervisory. In this theory, Herzberg argued that improvement in the hygiene or context factors will remove dissatisfaction, but will not increase motivation and performance. It is an interesting idea that personnel manager Mrs. Johnson does not notice this very well. The hygiene rewards are more intended to the extrinsic rewards, but the intrinsic rewards are more important influences on the motivation to work. As a result, a manager cannot only use the single theory to evaluate the adaptability but should care about the real working situation of the staff. The job characteristics model is designed by Richard Hackman and Greg Oldham (1974; Hackman and Purdy, 1975). There are mainly four factors which are implementing concepts, core job dimentions, critical psychological states and personal and work outcomes and one very important indicator which is employee growth need strength (GNS). This model sets out the links between the features of jobs, the individual’s experience, and the outcomes in terms of motivation, satisfaction and performance. This model also takes into account individual differences in growth need strength (GNS), a concept of self-actualization’. (Buchanan and Huczynski, 1985) From the model and the explanation, the different factors of motivation for work can be analyzed and it can try to find the real point for increase the motivation. GNS which is related to Maslow’s concept of self-actualization can indicates the willingness to welcome personal development by job enrichment. I think Mrs. Johnson can use this job characteristic model as a reference and put in practice. It is certain that it should make adjustment anytime depending on different job contents and attribution. Conclusion It is not always easy to put one kind of classic theory into the real condition and we can say the theory can only offer the basic spirit of the implementation. Mrs. Johnson indeed simplifies the management of motivation and it may neglect what the staffs really want and need. The theories of the Maslow and Herzberg’s might be simple but actually it should be taken as the basic roots of the whole concepts. Besides there are plenty of other theories which have been developed by theoretical professionals, so Mrs. Johnson should make good use of them and have a discussion with the representatives from different positions and in this way, it could have better result to boost the motivation. (1949 words)