Recent Discoveries in Egypt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6250 words

Recent Discoveries in Egypt - Essay Example The exact dates of Nefertiti’s life are open to debate, but she was definitely a significant part of the 18th Dynasty of Egypt, and the dates of her six daughters are estimated to range between the years of 1348-1339 B.C. Part of the difficulty ascertaining her lifetime is related to the possibility that she bore a different name prior to her marriage to Pharaoh Amenhotep IV, who himself changed his name to Akhenaten when he began to worship Aten in 1346. There is little doubt that Nefertiti wielded unprecedented influence for a queen, at some point being named co-regent, and the images depicting her beside her husband show her of similar size as his portrayal†¦ implying an almost equal status. Although Nefertiti bore Akhenaten six daughters, it was a minor wife named Kiya who bore him his son and future heir, Tutankhaten (meaning â€Å"the Living Image of the Aten†) who was later to become the pharaoh Tutankhamun. Kiya promptly disappeared from all records, possib ly due to Nefertiti feeling threatened, although Nefertiti herself would disappear from any historical reference by the year 1336. Speculation begins here, for this is the same year that Smenkhkare became co-ruler with Akhenaten, actually surviving him by two years. Many suspicions abound Smenkhkare, whose feminine image closely resembled depictions of Nefetiti, and whose regal name, Nefernefruaten, is so similar to Nefertiti that some theories conclude that it is simply Nefertiti by a different name as she continued to rise in power.

Closing the Gap Between Science and Ethics Essay Example for Free

Closing the Gap Between Science and Ethics Essay The rapid development of nanotechnologies has already become the distinctive feature of the postmodern technological reality. Societies live in the atmosphere of the rapid technological advancement, and new technological achievements and small revolutions are no longer a surprise. Nanotechnologies have a potential to become the source of revolutionary waves in contemporary society. The effects of such revolutions, however, will depend on how well the existing scientific, political, economic, and social institutions can mediate the society-nanotechnology relationships and whether they can promote public acceptability and positive expectations regarding nanotechnology. The current state of science is characterised by the growing gap between nanotechnologies and ethics. Equity, privacy, security, and environmental aspects remain the issues of the major scientific concern. Today, professionals in nanotechnology need to reconsider the basic standards of their scientific performance and develop effective cooperation frameworks, which will help societies meet their ethical needs and will speed up the integration of nanomaterials with all spheres of human development and growth. In his article, Douglas Parr asserts that nanotechnologies are likely to produce a revolutionary wave of innovations in society. That nanotechnologies are breaking the ice of scientific illiteracy in the postmodern society cannot be denied. To a large extent, nanotechnologies mark the beginning of a new stage in the society’s movement toward scientific and human perfection. Recent advancements in nanotechnology confirm the need for the scientific community to develop effective cooperation ties with the rest of non-scientific population, and there are several reasons for that. First and foremost, research and advancement in nanotechnologies have resulted in the major advances in material science, microscopy, and better understanding of the borderline between quantum and classical physics, which produce significant effects on society. Second, nanotechnologies will lead to a major revolution and produce serious scientific and social shifts in society. Third, the most developed countries readily integrate nanotechnologies with their innovation systems and consider nanotechnologies as the basic driver of wealth creation. Fourth, numerous nanotechnology applications will be introduced into the market. In this atmosphere, society must familiarise itself with the recent advances in nanotechnology. Moreover, society must realise that nanotechnologies can be equally good and bad. As a result, the question is in how to obtain the good of nanotechnologies without the bad and whether it is possible at all. Unfortunately, the current state of nanotechnologies makes it difficult for scientists and society to distinguish the good effects of the nanotechnological revolution from its negative implications. The problem is not only in that â€Å"debates about nanotechnology from governments have been dominated by the simple metric of the amount of money being put into nanotechnology for international competitiveness reasons. † The problem is in that a large gap between ethics and nanotechnologies exists and influences negatively the development of the postmodern science. The number of scientific publications on nanotechnologies rapidly increases, but the number of publications that discuss ethical and social implications of nanotechnologies is at least scarce. The funds available for ethical research in nanotechnology are not being used. The lack of effective dialogue between granting bodies, research institutes and the public may turn nanotechnologies into the source of devastating effects on society. More often than not, research institutes and public bodies do not realise that nanotechnology is associated with a whole range of ethical issues. These issues cover equity, security and privacy, ethical implications, and even metaphysical questions. One of the first questions is who will benefit from nanotechnologies and how these benefits are to be distributed among society members. Nanotechnologies have a potential to reduce and resolve the most difficult social controversies, including poverty and animal species extinction; however, this is possible only in case the products of scientific evolution are managed properly. Security and privacy are also among the issues of serious scientific concern. Nanotechnologies will contribute to the development of radically new weapons and surveillance systems; and people must decide how it will protect individual privacy against the presence of near invisible surveillance mechanisms. The effects of nanotechnologies on the environment are yet to be discovered. The incorporation of artificial materials into human systems requires profound ethical and social analysis. To ensure that nanotechnologies work for the benefit of the whole society, a close dialogue must exist between research institutions and the public. Such dialogue will allow prioritising the most important areas of technological research. Such dialogue will also let scientists justify the choice of the most important research areas against direct determinations of societal and public aspirations in these areas. Social and ethical implications of NT research are easy to address through appropriate funding, the development of large-scale interdisciplinary research platforms, intersectional approach, the involvement of developing countries in NT research, as well as the continuous engagement of the public in all major aspects of NT evolution. These changes will reduce the negative potential of nanotechnologies and will turn them into a successful instrument of meeting the most sophisticated society needs. Conclusion The rapid development of nanotechnologies has already become the distinctive feature of the postmodern reality. Unfortunately, the current state of nanotechnological research is characterised by the growing gap between science and ethics. Society lacks resources needed to familiarise itself with the bad and good sides of nanotechnologies and to reduce their negative potential. Today, scientists must engage in a close dialogue with the public and actively engage the public into NT evolution and research. Appropriate funding, interdisciplinary research platforms and intersectional analysis will help to reduce the existing gap between nanotechnologies and their ethical implications. BIBLIOGRAPHY MNYUSIWALLA, A. , DAAR, A. S. SINGER, P. ‘Mind the gap’: Science and ethics in nanotechnology. Nanotechnology, 14: 2003: R9-R13. PARR, D. Will nanotechnology make the world a better place? Trends in Biotechnology, 23(8): Aug. 2008: 395-398.

An Overview of Butadiene

An Overview of Butadiene 1,3 Butadiene 1,3-Butadiene with its molecular structure of [emailprotected]=CH2 have widely synonym as butadiene,,-butadiene, divinyl, buta-1,3-diene, vinylethylene, vinylethylene, bivinyl, erythrene, biethylene, and pyrrolylene refer to the same physical and chemical properties. It has same Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) registry number which is 106-99-0, and its Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS) number is EI9275000. As compared to the air, the conversation factor of to 1ppm butadiene is equal to 2.21 mg/m3 in the air. Further important identity and physicochemical properties of butadiene is described as per Table 1. Â   Generally, butadiene was produce during combustion resulting from combustion of organic matters whether it come from natural process or human activities. Among of natural process and human activities, the main contributor of butadiene presence in earth majorly come from human activity which cause high impact to surrounding life and environment. As part of human activities, 1,3 Butadiene being used primarily and commercially in the making of synthetic rubbers and polymers. 1,3 butadiene was produced by complex and specific process as co-product of ethylene during cracking at high temperature (produced C4) at the steam crackers units. The crude C4 that produced from steam cracker units or process then fed to the butadiene extraction units for separation process of butadiene, isobutenes and the other C4s (byproduct called as Raffinate 1) through extractive distillation. The most advanced Butadiene extraction technology is come from BASF NMP Process in which 1,3 Butadiene is extract as per Diagram 1 by utilized N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) as solvent. Characteristic 1,3-Butadiene is colourless gas at room temperature with gasoline or mild aromatic odor, highly flammable when exposed to heat and insoluble in water but soluble in ether, acetone, benzene and ethanol. It is very reactive: it may form acrolein and peroxides upon exposure to air, it can react with oxidizing materials, and it polymerizes readily, particularly if oxygen is present. Butadiene is stabilized with hydroquinone, catechol, t-butyl catechol or aliphatic mercaptans1,2. In addition from that, as per GHS-US classification, 1,3 Butadiene is classified and hazard label as per Table 2 and Diagram 2 below: CLASS Hazard Statement Description H220 Flammable Gas Category 1 Exteremly flammable gas H280 Refrigerated Liquefied Gas Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated H315 Skin Irritation Category 2 Causes skin irritation H319 Eye Irrititation Category 2A Causes serious eye irritation H340 Germ Cell Mutagen Category 1B May cause genetic defects H350 Carcinogen Category 1A May cause cancer Table 2: Classification of 1,3 Butadiene as per GHS-US Classficiation Diagram 2: Hazard label/pictogramns of 1,3 Butadiene as per GHS-US Classficiation Used 1,3 Butadiene is the main raw material to manufacture variety type of rubbers and plastics. It is being used as an intermediate ingredient; monomers in production of polymers, synthetic rubbers or elastomers, and other chemicals. As substitution for natural rubber, Butadiene being used widely in producing synthetic rubbers and polymer which offers numerous advantages in term of improvement in performance, safety and functionality, and lower costs. Over 75% of 1,3 Butadiende was used to produce Synthetic rubber. Synthetic rubber derived from 1,3 butadiene include Styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), poly-butadiene rubber (PBR), nitrile rubber (NR) and poly-chloroprene(Neoprene). These synthetic rubbers then undergo several others specific process to produce product like: Styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) and poly-butadiene rubber (PBR) are used in the making of tyres and plastic where able to enhance and increase the resistance of vehicles tyre and plastic towards heat degradation, blowouts, wear and tear. Neoprene or poly-chloroprene is used extensively in manufacture of latex goods which is non-tire application such as gloves, foams, waders and wearsuits. Nitrile Rubber(NR) have variety of end product which mainly used to produce rubber hoses, gasket and seals for automobiles . Remaining 25% of 1,3 Butadiene was used to produce polymers. Polymerd derived from 1,3 include Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) resins, poly-butadiene polymers, nitrile barrier resins and thermoplastic resins. Among the others, ABS resin was widely used in large volume of thermoplastic resin, containing about 20%- 30% of 1,3 butadiene by weight to produce automobiles part and appliances in automotive industry . Apart from that, 1,3- Butadiene also is used in the production of adhesives for packaging, transporting, or holding food; in components of paper and paperboard that are in contact with dry food; and as a modifier in the production of semirigid and rigid vinyl chloride plastic food-contact articles. Human Exposure The general human exposure can be separated onto two: occupational exposure and non-occupational exposure and describe as per below: 1.3.1 Occupational exposure The highest exposure of butadiene is mainly occurs in occupational settings or workplace area and its surroundings. Potential areas include several industries like: petroleum refinery and operation plant (where the crude C4 cracking process take over and involves butadiene extraction, gasoline production and distribution), distillation and production of butadiene monomer plant, factory or manufacturer of various butadiene based product like synthetic rubber and polymers plant such as tires, gloves and variety injection moulding industries (IARC, 1999). Based from data collected from European Chemical Bereau during 1984 to 1987, the arithmetic means of butadiene concentration at petrochemical and petroleum refinery plant industries area in several location of European countries is ranged from 0.1 to 6.4 mg/m3 Other than that, by refer from survey conducted by occupational hygiene of United Kingdom shows that the mean concentration of butadiene generally below 11mg/m3 with most below 2.2 mg/m3 for butadient production areas while in polymer manufacturer area time-weighted averaged around (4.4 to 6.6mg/m3). Meanwhile at USA in 1985, the arithmetic mean concentration is ranged from 1 to 277 mg/m3 for monomer production plant and 0.04 to 32mg/m3 for polymer production plant. (IARC, 1999; European Chemicals Bureau, 2001). 1.3.2 Non-occupational exposure For non-occupational exposure area, it is obtained that the butadiene mean concentration in ambient air is much lower in ÃŽÂ ¼g/m3 measured than reported in occupational exposure area which measured in mg/m3. Elevation of concentration observed occurs at the vicinity of source like municipal structural fires area, smoking shed or cigarette smoke area, brush and wood fires Butadiene has been widely detected in ambient air but at much lower levels (ÃŽÂ ¼g/m3) than reported in some occupational settings (mg/m3). Elevated concentrations may occur in the vicinity of point sources, such as municipal structural fires, wood and brush fires; cigarette smoking; volatilization gasoline area as well as combustion through vehicle emissions (IARC, 2008). Based on data and study conducted during 1990 and 1994, involvement of 14 cities, rural or towns at Ontario, Canada shows that the results from 1611 samples of outdoor air collected for mean concentration of butadiene is ranged around 0.1ÃŽÂ ¼g/m3 with maximum of 1.7 ÃŽÂ ¼g/m3. (Health Canada, 2000). Dollard et al. (2007) measured butadiene concentrations at rural, urban background (UB), urban industry influenced (UI) and busy-roadtraffic (BR) locations in the United Kingdom from 1993 to 2004. Mean rural levels dropped from 0.39 to 0.02 ÃŽÂ ¼g/m3 between 1995 and 2004; mean UB levels decreased from 0.64 to 0.15 ÃŽÂ ¼g/m3 in 1993-2004; mean UI levels came down from 0.85 to 0.35 ÃŽÂ ¼g/m3 in 1995-2000; and mean BR levels went from 3.3 to 0.57 ÃŽÂ ¼g/m3 in the period 1997-2004. . Human effect Exposure of 1,3 Butadiene can effect human health and the severity can be separated into two, which is acute and chronic. For acute exposure, it can be further split into high doses and low doses. Acute low doses exposure will caused irritation to nose, eyes, lungs and throat. These frostbite injury also may lead to occur through exposure to skin. Acute high doses of exposures will lead to cause damage of central nervous system by showing symptoms to human body such vertigo, general tiredness, distorted blurred vision headache, nausea fainting and decrease pulse rate. Human epidemiological studies has been conducted to identify the Chronic effects to human that cause by exposure to 1,3-butadiene, the result shown the effect to human can cause cancer and cardiovascular diseases. However, due to some limitation and cofounding factors in study of cancer to human due to exposure by 1,3-Butadiene such as simultaneous exposure to syrene and benzene, smoking; the exact causal factors unable to established well. Extensive lab experiment involving animal such as mice and rat has been performed and study to observe relationship of chronic exposure of 1,3-butadiene to cancer. The studies through mice and rat has shown the developmental problems and reproductive effected the animals. Through this study, 1,3-Butadiene has been classified as human carcinogen from EPA and rated as A2; suspected human carcinogen as per The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). Further human effect exposed to 1,3-butadiene explain on Table 2. Carcinogenicity to human Based on epidemiological studies conducted shows that high tendancy or risk of leukemia or others cancer to attacked on the lymphohaematopoietic system when chronic exposure to 1,3-Butadiene. This involve three studies on employed workers at 1,3-Butadiene production facility of styrene-butadiene-rubber(SBR) plant where the major exposure is 1,3-butadiene monomer alone. The result of the studies shows the same relation or overlapping cohort population. It was observed in two studies at butadiene monomer facility, overall have slightly excess of mortality from leukaemia while in third study shows decrease in mortality of leukaemia. The increased mortality from leukaemia in one of the monomer industry cohorts was more pronounced among workers who had been exposed at high levels during the first years of production (Second World War). In this cohort, no increase in leukaemia was observed with duration of exposure or cumulative exposure. Based on the study on SBR workers by University of Alabama at Birmingham (USA) considered as very informative data where the study involves in examine the mortality rates of about 17,000 workers through eight facility in Canada and USA. A limiting factor in the evaluations was that the diagnosis and classification of lymphatic and haematopoietic malignancies are very complex and have undergone several changes over the course of time. Although overall mortality from leukemia was only slightly higher in the update of the most recent cohort, a larger increase of deaths from leukemia seen in workers in the most highly exposed from plants and one employee per hour paid, especially those who was hired in early years and has ten years or more jobs. Furthermore, a significant correlation between cumulative exposure of 1,3-butadiene and leukemia deaths observed in this study. A recent analysis shows that the exposure-response relationship for 1,3-butadiene and leukemia are free from exposure to styrene and dimethyldithiocarbamate. Studies with mice showed increased tumour formation in various organs in both sexes at 1,3-butadiene exposures to approximately 14 mg/m3 (females) and 44 mg/m3 (males). This was not observed in rats at exposures up to 2,200 mg/m3, likely due to the crucial role of oxidative metabolism: 1,3-butadiene requires metabolic activation to generate electrophilic epoxides in which important species differences exist (mice are more efficient in the production of epoxide metabolites of butadiene, while rats and humans are more efficient in the hydrolytic detoxification of these metabolites). Many tests on mutagenicity, genotoxicity and mechanism of action clearly indicate that 1,3-butadiene is a genotoxic compound in humans and in experimental animals, requiring metabolic activation to generate electrophilic and DNA-reactive epoxides (epoxybutene, epoxybutanediol and diepoxybutane), one or more of which are considered to be the ultimate carcinogens. Health Effect Description Symptoms Inhalation problem or respiratory irritation Inhalation of 1,3 butadiene gases or aerosols such as mists or fumes generated by the material during handling and normal works can be damaging the human health. Excessive exposures can cause severe irritation to upper respiratory system or central nervous system like nose and throat. 1, 3 butadiene can cause narcotic effects or anesthetic including dizziness and drowsiness, alertness, sleepiness, lack of coordination, vertigo, loss of reflexes and death. Ingestion Drink or food that contaminate with 1,3-Butadiene which the residues of 1,3-butadiene have been found in drink and food container. (McNeal and Breder 1987) Liquid butadiene can cause frostbite to the lips but this unlikely to happen because very low amount of butadiene used in food and drink containers. Eye Person or human can be exposed to the 1,3 Butadiene liquid and gases during manufacture or at occupational area Transient discomfort characterised by tearing or conjunctival redness, pain and blurred vision.exposed to liquid butadiene can cause frostbite if it contacts the eyes and rapidly evaporates. Skin Contact Not to have any skin irritation or harmful to human health in normal condition. It will affected if the person involve in injury or wound In touch with liquid butadiene may cause frostbite and rapidly evaporate. When entry into the blood-stream, through cuts, abrasions or lesions, may produce systemic injury with harmful effects. Chronic As per International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Butadiene is listed as human carcinogen which can directly cause cancer in human. Based on experiments, there is an evident that butadiene can cause genetic defect and may result in toxic effecs to the unborn baby. Cancer ex: leukemia, damaged of cardiovascular system, genetic defect Table 2: Health effect of 1,3 Butadiene to human health Reduce the risk of hazardous In order to reduce risk of hazardous of 1,3butadiene, many precaution and controls shall take in consideration. Separated into two; occupational and non-occupational exposure. 4.1 Occupational The higher human exposure to 1,3 Butadiene is come from occupational environment. Appropriate control can be taking in consideration to reduce the risk exposure by include appropriate engineering controls, hand protection, eye protection, skin and body protection, respiratory protection and environmental exposure control. 4.1.1 A Appropriate engineering controls Appropriate engineering controls : This product must be confined with vapor-tight equipment. With this confinement, vapors should not be released, and local exhaust should be satisfactory. An explosion-proof system is acceptable. Ensure that any venting of material is in compliance with international, federal/national, state/provincial, and local regulations. Hand protection : Wear protective gloves made of PVC. Eye protection : Wear safety glasses with side shields. Wear safety glasses with side shields or goggles when transfilling or breaking transfer connections. Provide readily accessible eye wash stations and safety showers. Skin and body protection : Wear work gloves and metatarsal shoes for cylinder handling. Protective equipment where needed. Select in accordance with OSHA 29 CFR 1910.132, 1910.136, and 1910.138. Respiratory protection : When workplace conditions warrant respirator use, follow a respiratory protection program that meets OSHA 29 CFR 1910.134, ANSI Z88.2, or MSHA 30 CFR 72.710 (where applicable). Use an air-supplied or air-purifying cartridge if the action level is exceeded. Ensure that the respirator has the appropriate protection factor for the exposure level. If cartridge type respirators are used, the cartridge must be appropriate for the chemical exposure. For emergencies or instances with unknown exposure levels, use a self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Environmental exposure controls : Refer to local regulations for restriction of emissions to the atmosphere. See section 13 for specific methods for waste gas treatment. Refer to local regulations for restriction of emissions to the atmosphere. Other information : Consider the use of flame resistant anti-static safety clothing. Wear safety shoes while handling containers. Keep suitable chemically resistant protective clothing readily available for emergency use. Wear leather safety gloves and safety shoes when handling cylinders. Non-occupational Wood burning Take precautions to minimize the amount of smoke released into the home during wood burning. Vehicle engines Make sure vehicle engines are turned off when in an enclosed space such as a garage. Vehicle traffic Minimize time spent near areas of heavy vehicle traffic and avoid living very close to busy roads. Tobacco smoke Families can reduce exposure to 1,3-butadiene by avoiding tobacco smoke, particularly indoors.

Wireless Internet :: Essays Papers

Wireless Internet By 2004, the wireless subscriber base worldwide is expected to reach 1.4 billion users, and approximately 300 million users will be accessing the Internet from some form of wireless appliance. The race is on, and Nortel Networks have first-mover advantage. Nortel Networks already demonstrated wireless applications at speeds more than 25 times faster than today's industry standard. Recently, Herschel Shosteck Associates ranked Nortel Networks first in Wireless Internet infrastructure strategy, and The Yankee Group ranked Nortel Networks first in next-generation Wireless Internet architecture. More than 75 percent of North American and 50 percent of European backbone Internet traffic travels across Nortel optical networking equipment. Now Nortel Networks helping service providers deliver the unconstrained access and high bandwidth multimedia content second Wave of eBusiness customers demand. Nortel Networks 3G (Third Generation) networks provide wireless operators with faster time-to-market and greater profitability. Nortel Networks solutions offer clear migration paths, allowing service providers to leverage their existing network investments while upgrading. And they work collaboratively with Nortel Networks customers, achieving the fastest time-to-market possible. Wireless Internet gives emerging wireless service providers a powerful opportunity to differentiate themselves from their competition based on the ability to rapidly create and deliver profitable next-generation Wireless Internet services while maximizing the efficiency of their networks. Wireless Internet brings value to service providers by: Helping generate profits, quickly. Reducing the time required to design and deploy new Wireless Internet services. It’s enabling new revenues quickly and assuring a positive return on their network investment. Wireless Internet also improving performance, at reduced costs by facilitating the fast identification and repair of network faults, the proactive optimization of network performance, and the acceleration of the service-provisioning process. Nortel Networks also Evolving and growing with service providers' needs by supporting multiple wireless network technologies, spanning multiple wireless-network generations, and building cr oss-domain management capabilities on a single, scalable, and open platform. Nortel Networks' state-of-the-art DMS-100 Wireless product is a multi-functional switching system that integrates the industry's most respected DMS-100/200 (local/toll) wireline and DMS Mobile Telephone Exchange (MTX) digital wireless switching systems onto a single hardware platform. The DMS-100 Wireless offers a flexible and cost effective way for a service provider to establish a single point of presence in both traditional wireline and wireless markets, as well as new data and internet telephony markets. And, by delivering new integrated customer services such as a single voice mail box, one number capabilities, and feature transparency, service providers can pursue new revenue opportunities, increase customer satisfaction, and establish a market presence as a technology leader.

Frankenstein’s Romanticism Essay

Frankenstein, by Mary Shelley, comprises and exemplifies many signature Romantic tropes. Though Shelley may integrate gothic elements into her story, the core of the novel is one of genuine and heartfelt Romanticism. Almost all Romantic ideals are overtly present and entrenched in the narrative so thoroughly that Frankenstein cannot be said to be anything but an adherent of the Romantic genre. Among these Romantic codes are the Romantic ideal of creating â€Å"something† from nothing, the use of nature as a striking and influential force, and the Romantic reverence for the consecrated cycle of life and death. Among the ideals most valued and sought after in the Romantic community was the idea of true stimulation, delved from one’s own imagination and brilliance. This is why the Romantics were among the first to speak out against replicating the works of others, stating that the most beautiful art is that which was â€Å"created from nothing†. In this sagacity, Victor Frankenstein was a true Romantic; his goal of â€Å"bestowing animation upon lifeless matter† (p. 48) is the epitome of creation from oblivion. Furthermore, his desire to do as no others have done before, breaking new ground with lofty and seemingly unfeasible objectives was one thing Romantics took pride in. The success of Victor Frankenstein’s creation mirrors Mary Shelley’s credence that, with ample determination, even the ostensibly impossible can be accomplished. One of the themes most concomitant with Romantic works is the clout and beauty of nature. When Frankenstein’s monster, lonely and abandoned, takes to the forest in an effort to track down his creator, he finds solace only in the beauty of the first of spring, claiming that he â€Å"felt emotions of gentleness and pleasure that had long appeared dead, revive within† (p. 148). This Romantic notion of nature’s altruism and spiritual healing capabilities is juxtaposed by an alternative idea tantamount with Romantics: the pure power of the natural world. As a child, Victor Frankenstein is flabbergasted by the way that lightning exenterates a large oak tree, claiming that he had never â€Å"beheld anything so completely and utterly destroyed† (p. 32). The obliteration not only indicates the power of nature, but also foreshadows Frankenstein’s creation of the monster further in the novel. This idea of Victor Frankenstein as a Romantic may lead one to ask the question, â€Å"Why, then, did the Romantic ideals turn out so poorly in this Romantic’ novel? † The answer is this: Frankenstein broke a fundamental rule of Romanticism; he attempted to disturb the sacrosanct cycle of life and death. He created the monster in an attempt to one day â€Å"Renew life where death had apparently devoted the body to corruption. † (p. 48), however, in the eyes of a pious Romantic, this would be an atrocity and insult to God in accordance with Romantic devotion for all things natural, including death. Because of this insolence for Romantic beliefs, Victor Frankenstein was mandated to pay the ultimate price. Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein can, and should, be considered a true Romantic novel. Though some of the plot and setting may have been cadged from Gothic literature, the morals and principles of the book find their place with Romanticism. From intrinsic respect of all things natural, to the omnipotence of human creation and imagination, Frankenstein embodies the Romantic spirit almost immaculately.

Diet and Brain Development essays

Diet and Brain Development essays The relationship between diet and brain development are key to the evolution of hominids. Larger brains mean a greater capacity for thought. The ability to think and work out problems led to the development of tools and of language that distinguish hominids from primates and other organisms. With language, individuals are able to communicate with one another and work cooperatively in a way that gives them an advantage over solitary organisms. The development of a community and a society results in a complex culture with rituals for burial and forms of expression like art that help to distinguish the individual in a group. Larger brains and a greater capacity for thought also mean a prolonged period of brain development during which skills must be passed from more knowledgeable individuals to those still developing. This period, known as childhood, is one during which individuals are not capable of caring sole for themselves and it is the role of fully developed individuals to instill wisdom upon these young individuals while protecting them and providing the necessary elements that are key to their survival. The development of larger brains extended this period of childhood and makes hominid childhood one of the longest of any organisms. The development of larger brains go hand in hand with diet because it is nutrition that allows for the development of larger brains and larger brains that provide the capacity to find better forms of nutrition. The relationship between diet and brain development was first examined in Austalopithecenes. Australopithecenes can be divided into two subspecies known as robust and gracile. The gracile Australopithecenes were similar in body and brain size to the robust Austalopithecenes. They, however, had large grinding teeth, even larger than those of the robust. The most likely inhabited woodland areas and ate nuts and roots. While similar in brain size to the gracile, robust Australopithece...